SCIENCE
The new data includes positions, distance indicators and motions of more than one billion stars,
Scientists at the European Space Agency (ESA) have produced the richest star catalogue to date, including high-precision measurements of nearly 1.7 billion stars and revealing previously unseen details of the Milky Way galaxy. A multitude of discoveries are on the horizon after this much awaited release, which is based on 22 months of charting the sky.
The new data includes positions, distance indicators and motions of more than one billion stars, along with high-precision measurements of asteroids within our solar system and stars beyond our own Milky Way galaxy. Preliminary analysis of data from ESA's Gaia space observatory reveals fine details about the make-up of the Milky Way's stellar population and about how stars move, essential information for investigating the formation and evolution of our home Galaxy."The observations collected by Gaia are redefining the foundations of astronomy," said Gunther Hasinger, ESA Director of Science.
Gaia was launched in December 2013 and started science operations the following year. The first data release, based on just over one year of observations, was published in 2016; it contained distances and motions of two million stars. The latest data release, which covers the period between July 25, 2014 and May 23, 2016, pins down the positions of nearly 1.7 billion stars, and with a much greater precision. For some of the brightest stars in the survey, the level of precision equates to Earth-bound observers being able to spot a Euro coin lying on the surface of the Moon. With these accurate measurements it is possible to separate the parallax of stars - an apparent shift on the sky caused by Earth's yearly orbit around the Sun - from their true movements through the Galaxy. The new catalogue lists the parallax and velocity across the sky, or proper motion, for more than 1.3 billion stars. From the most accurate parallax measurements, about ten per cent of the total, astronomers can directly estimate distances to individual stars.
"The second Gaia data release represents a huge leap forward with respect to ESA's Hipparcos satellite, Gaia's predecessor and the first space mission for astrometry, which surveyed some 118,000 stars almost thirty years ago," said Anthony Brown of Leiden University, The Netherlands. "The sheer number of stars alone, with their positions and motions, would make Gaia's new catalogue already quite astonishing," said Brown. "But there is more: this unique scientific catalogue includes many other data types, with information about the properties of the stars and other celestial objects, making this release truly exceptional," he said.
The comprehensive dataset provides a wide range of topics for the astronomy community.
As well as positions, the data include brightness information of all surveyed stars and colour measurements of nearly all, plus information on how the brightness and colour of half a million variable stars change over time. It also contains the velocities along the line of sight of a subset of seven million stars, the surface temperatures of about a hundred million and the effect of interstellar dust on 87 million. Gaia also observes objects in our solar system: the second data release comprises the positions of more than 14,000 known asteroids, which allows precise determination of their orbits. A much larger asteroid sample will be compiled in Gaia's future releases.
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