Scientists have figured out how honey bees reproduce without a male partner.
Scientists have sequenced the entire genomes of the Cape bees, an isolated population of honeybees living in South Africa that has evolved a strategy to reproduce without males.
Researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden compared the genome with other populations of honeybees to find out the genetic mechanisms behind their asexual reproduction.
Most animals reproduce sexually, which means that both males and females are required for the species to survive.
Normally, the honeybee is no exception to this rule: the female queen bee produces new offspring by laying eggs that have been fertilised by sperm from male drones.
However, one isolated population of honeybees living in the southern Cape of Africa has evolved a strategy to do without males.
In the Cape bee, female worker bees are able to reproduce asexually: they lay eggs that are essentially fertilised by their own DNA, which develops into new worker bees.
Such bees are also able to invade the nests of other bees and continue to reproduce in this fashion, eventually taking over the foreign nests, a behaviour called social parasitism.
The explanation for this unique behaviour is unknown, however, researchers have come closer to uncovering the genetic mechanisms behind it.
The team sequenced the entire genomes of a sample of Cape bees and compared them with other populations of honeybees that reproduce normally.
They found striking differences at several genes, which can explain both the abnormal type of egg production that leads to reproduction without males, and the unique social parasitism behaviour.
"The question of why this population of honeybees in South Africa has evolved to reproduce asexually is still a mystery.
But understanding the genes involved brings us closer to understanding it," said Matthew Webster, a researcher at Uppsala University.
"This study will help us to understand how genes control biological processes like cell division and behaviour," Webster said.
"Furthermore understanding why populations sometimes reproduce asexually may help us to understand the evolutionary advantage of sex, which is a major conundrum for evolutionary biologists," he added.
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