Hypersensitivity to pain produced by early life stress gets worse by later stress exposure

Early-life stress such as childhood neglect and abuse is suspected to contribute to the development of chronic pain in adulthood, a new study has suggested.

Researchers led by Dr. Jon Levine at the University of California San Francisco, used an animal model of maternal neglect that stresses rat mothers by restricting nesting/bedding material.

These stressed rat mothers do not provide consistent levels of nurturing to their pups, i.e., the mothers are present but their care is unpredictable, resulting in increased levels of stress in the pups. The pups were otherwise not harmed or stressed.

Pups that had experienced this early-life stress showed increased reactivity to painful stimuli, particularly if they were exposed to a mild stress, an unpredictable unpleasant noise, as adults.

This enhanced muscle pain was related to both catecholamines, natural compounds in the body involved in the “fight-or-flight” response, and cytokines, molecules involved in the body’s inflammatory response system.

Interestingly, interventions that blocked the actions of the catecholamines and cytokines reduced the sensitivity to pain in the stressed pups.

Levine said that while it has been recognized for some time that early life events can shift homeostatic balance, predisposing adults to the development of chronic pain, that this could be mediated by a peripheral mechanism, involving the interaction between immune and neuroendocrine stress axes suggests novel approaches to detecting individuals at risk as well as to treatment of chronic pain.

This study suggests a ‘two hit model’ for the risk for pain syndromes: an initial stressor that predisposes to increased reactivity to later stress. The authors implicate both stress response and inflammation systems in the body in the link between stress and pain, potentially pointing to new treatment mechanisms.