Pictures on social media showed a woman, named as Bree Newsome, 30, being escorted by an officer, her hands behind her back. #FreeBree was trending on Twitter within hours.
A protester scaled a flagpole on the grounds of the South Carolina legislature at dawn and removed the Confederate flag, officials said, amid fierce debate about the racially charged symbol.
The black woman climber was arrested as soon as she came down from the 30 foot (nine meter) pole, and a new flag was restored to the original position with an hour.
Pictures on social media showed a woman, named as Bree Newsome, 30, being escorted by an officer, her hands behind her back. #FreeBree was trending on Twitter within hours.
Also arrested was a 30-year-old white man named as James Ian Tyson. Both are from neighboring North Carolina and have been charged with defacing a monument.
"A BPS officer was on routine patrol and had just made rounds when he was notified by other officers monitoring the flag that a woman was climbing the flagpole where the Confederate flag flies on the north side of the state house," said a statement from South Carolina Department of Public Safety. BPS means Bureau of Protective Services.
"He returned to the flagpole and asked the woman, who was wearing climbing gear, to get off the flagpole. She refused to come down until she unhooked the flag. The BPS officer arrested her and another man who was inside the wrought iron fence assisting her."
Within hours of the incident, an online crowdfunding site had raised more than USD 80,000 to pay for Newsome's bail and to help other activists "taking direct action in the movement for Black lives."
There has been a growing clamor for the flag -- branded "a reminder of systemic oppression and racial subjugation" by President Barack Obama on Friday -- to be removed from the grounds of the state house in Columbia.
Once flown by the rebel army of the slave-owning South, the confederate flag is seen by some as a symbol of regional heritage. But many more view it as an ugly reminder of racism's cruel legacy.
Impassioned debate about the flag was sparked by the mass shooting of nine black worshippers last week in Charleston, also in South Carolina.
The white alleged supremacist gunman, Dylann Roof, 21, later appeared in disturbing photos online with the flag.
Newsome, an activist whose full name is Brittany Ann Byuarim Newsome, said in a statement: "We removed the flag today because we can't wait any longer."
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