Republic Day 2018 | Ever-evolving, with twists & turns

1:

Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372, 376. Insertion of articles 31A, 31B. Insertion of Schedule 9

June 18, 1951

• Reasonable restrictions on free speech, introduced 9th Schedule to protect land acquisition laws and limited judicial review of SC

2:

Article 81(1)(b)

May 1, 1953

• For setting up a delimitation Commission to readjust the representation in the house of the people and in the state legislative Assemblies on the basis of the population as per census of 1951

3:

Schedule 7

February 22, 1955

• Included trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of 4 classes of essential commodities - foodstuffs, cattle fodder, raw cotton and raw jute

4:

Articles 31, 31A, 305, Schedule 9

April 27, 1955

• Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the Constitution

5:

Article 3

December 24, 1955

• Empowered the President to prescribe and extend a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on laws related to the formation of new States. Also no Bill shall be introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President

6:

Articles 269, 286, Schedule 7

September 11, 1956

• Amended the Union and state lists with raising of taxes in the course of inter-state trade and  restricted the state’s power in this regard

7:

Articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A, 378A. Amendment of Part 8.
Amendment of Schedules 1, 2, 4, 7

October 19, 1956

• Reorganisation of states along linguistics lines & introduction of Union Territories

8:

Article 334

January 5, 1960

• Extended the period of reservation of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970

9:

Schedule 1

December 28, 1960

• Included adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages

10:

Article 240, Schedule 1

August 11, 1961

• Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal

11:

Articles 66, 71

December 19, 1961

• Included election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament. Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college

12:

Article 240, Schedule 1

December 20, 1961

• Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal

13:

Article 170, Insertion of new Article 371A

December 1, 1963

• Formation of Nagaland,  with special protection

14:

Articles 81, 240; Insertion of Article 239A. Amend schedules 1, 4

December 28, 1962

• Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislatures and Councils of Ministers in the Union territories of Himanchal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa,  Daman and Diu and Pondicherry

15:

Articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311, 316. Insertion of Article 224A. Amendment of Schedule 7

October 5, 1963

• Increased  the retirement age of HC judges from 60 to 62 years, enabled HC to issue writs to anyone, even outside its jurisdiction and other amendments related to judges

16:

Articles 19, 84, 173. Amendment of Schedule 3

October 5, 1963

• Made it obligatory for Union& State Ministers, MLAs, SC/HC judges and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India to  take an oath to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India

17:

Article 31A.
Amendment of Schedule 9

June 20, 1964

• Included certain state enactments related to land reforms to secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws 

18:

Article 3

August 27, 1966

• Amended to permit reorganisation of Union Territories

19:

Article 324

December 11, 1966

• Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts

20:

Insertion of Article 233A

December 22, 1966

• To validate the judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by all district judges in those States and also to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of district judges barring those few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233

21:

Schedule 8

April 10, 1967

• Inclusion of Sindhi as an official language

22:

Article 275.
Insertion of Articles 244A, 371B

September 25, 1969

• Provision to form autonomous states within Assam

23:

Articles 330, 332, 333, 334

January 23, 1970

• Reservation for STs in Assam & Nagaland state legislature discontinued and one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly 

24:

Articles 13,  368

5 November 1971

• Enabled Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including fundamental rights

25:

Article 31
Insertion of article 31C

April 20, 1972

• Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. However, the SC quashed a part of Article 31C, to the extent it took away the power of judicial review.

26:

Article 366
Insertion of article 363A.
Removal of articles 291, 362

December 28, 1971

• Abolished privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic.

27:

Articles 239A, 240. Insertion of Articles 239B, 371C

December 30, 1971

• Reorganised Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers.

28:

Insertion of article 312A
Removal of article 314

August 27, 1972

• Rationalised Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post-independence

29:

Schedule 9

June 9, 1972

• Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 & the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 in the 9th Schedule to the Constitution so that they may have the protection under article 31B

30:

Article 133

February 22, 1973

• Changed the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law

31:

Articles 81, 330, 332

October 17, 1973

• Increased the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States goes up from 500 to 525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to 20

32:

Article 371
Insertion of articles 371D, 371E. Amendment of Schedule 7

May 3, 1974

• Protection of regional rights in Andhra Pradesh

33:

Articles 101, 190

May 19, 1974

• Procedure given for resignation by MPs & state legislatures and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house Speaker

34:

Schedule 9

September 7, 1974

• Twenty more land tenure & land reforms laws enacted by various State Legislatures were included in the 9th Schedule

35:

Articles 80, 81. Insertion of Article 2A
Insertion of schedule 10

February 22, 1975

• Terms and Conditions for the incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India

36:

Articles 80, 81. Insertion of Article 371F.
Removal of article 2A.
Amendment of Schedules 1, 4. Removal of schedule 10

May 16, 1975

• Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union

37:

Articles 239A, 240

May 3, 1975

• Provided for a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the country’s north-easternmost Union Territory

38:

Articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359, 360

August 1, 1975

• Enhanced the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.

39:

Articles 71, 329 
Insertion of Article 329A Amendment of Schedule 9

August 10, 1975

• Excluded the elections & appointments of Prime Minister, Speaker, President from the scrutiny of HCs and SC

40:

Article 297, Schedule 9.

May 27, 1976

• Empowered the Parliament to specify from time and again the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the Exclusive Economic Zone & the maritime zones of India. Also included 64 more Central & state laws, mostly relating to land reforms, in the 9th Schedule

41:

Article 316

September 7, 1976

• Raised retirement age of Chairmen and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions & State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years

42:

Articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368, 371F. Insertion of Articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A, 257A. Insertion of Parts 4A, 14A.
Amendment of Schedule 7

December 18, 1976

• This amendment is known as the mini constitution which inserted 'Socialism' & 'Secularism' in the Preamble, provision on fundamental duties, created provisions for tribunals & limited powers of judicial review of HCs & SC

43:

Articles 145, 226, 228, 366. Removal of articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A, 228A

April 13, 1978

• As this amendment was passed after revocation of internal emergency in the country, it repeals some of the 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42

44:

Articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.
Insertion of Articles 134A and 361A. Removal of articles 31, 257A, 329A
Amendment of Part 12
Amendment of schedule 9

April 30, 1979

• Included checks for invoking emergency provisions, protected fundamental right to life, liberty, press freedom. Right to property ceased to be a fundamental right

45:

Article 334.

April 14, 1980

• Extended reservation of seats for the SCs & STs in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the representation of Anglo-Indians by nomination for a further period of 10 years

46:

Articles 269, 286, 366, Schedule 7

February 2, 1983

• Sales tax laws enacted in pursuance of the Government of India Act, 1935 as also the laws relating to sales tax passed

47:

Schedule 9

August 26, 1984

• Placed Land Reform acts & amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution

48:

Article 356

August 26, 1984

• Amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab

49:

Article 244, Schedules 5, 6

September 11, 1984

• Recognised Tripura as a Tribal State and enabled the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

50:

Article 33

September 11, 1984

• Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure.

51:

Articles 330, 332

April 29, 1985

• Provided reservation to STs in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh in Lok Sabha, similar reservation in Legislative Assemblies of Meghalaya & Arunachal Pradesh

52:

Articles 101, 102, 190, 191
Insertion of Schedule 10

February 15, 1985

• An independent member of Parliament or a State Legislature shall be disqualified if he joins any political party after his election

53:

Insertion of Article 371G

August 14, 1986

• It conferred statehood on Mizoram and ensured against unnecessary interference by the Central govt. with the laws relating to social relationship & community conduct

54:

Articles 125, 221, Schedule 2

March 14, 1987

• It increased the salaries of the judges of HCs & SC of India. 

55:

Insertion of Article 371H

December 23, 1986

• It granted statehood to Arunachal Pradesh with special powers to the governor, 24th state of India 

56:

Insertion of Article 371-I

May 23, 1987

• It conferred statehood on Goa, 25th state of India and also formed a new union territory Daman and Diu.

57:

Article 332

September 15, 1987

• Provided reservation to STs in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram & Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies

58:

Amendment of the heading of Part 22 

Insertion of Article 394-A

December 9, 1987

• It empowered the President to publish the translation of the constitution in Hindi signed by the members of the constituent assembly 

59:

Article 356 Insertion of Article 359A

March 30, 1988

• Empowered the central govt. to impose emergency in Punjab when deemed necessary. President’s rule can be extended up to three years.

60:

Article 276

December 20, 1988

• Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- per annum to a maximum of Rs. 2500/- per annum

61:

Article 326

March 28, 1989

• Reduced the age of voting in elections to 18 years from 21 years

62:

Article 334

January 25, 1990

• Extended reservation for SCs & STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years

63:

Article 356  Omission of Article 359A

January 6, 1990

• It repealed amendment 59 which empowered the govt. to impose emergency in Punjab

64: 

Article 356

April 16, 1990

• It extended the President’s rule in Punjab by six months, a total period of emergency three years and six months.

65:

Article 338

June 7, 1990

• National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in the constitution

66:

Schedule 9

June 7, 1990

• Decided to include all land reform laws in the 9th Schedule so that they are not challenged before the courts

67:

Article 356

October 4, 1990

• It extended the President’s rule in Punjab up to four years.

68:

Article 356

March 12, 1991

• It extended the President’s rule in Punjab up to five years.

69:

Insertion of Articles 239AA, 239AB

December 21, 1991

• Delhi made National Capital Region. The act also made provision for Legislative Assembly and a council of minister for Delhi

70:

Articles 54, 239AA

August 12, 1992

• Provided for inclusion of members of legislature of Pondicherry & Delhi in electoral college for Presidential Elections.

71:

Schedule 8

August 31, 1992

• It proposed to include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages in the 8th Schedule to the Constitution

72:

Article 332

December 14, 1992

• Made a temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for STs until the re-adjustment of seats on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under Article 170 of the Constitution for the State of Tripura.

73:

Insertion of Part 9

April 20, 1993

• Ensured direct election to all seats in Panchayats, reserve seats for SCs & STs in proportion to their population and for reservation of not less than one third of the seats in Panchayats for women

74:

Article 280, Insertion of Part 9A

April 20, 1993

• Made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas & Municipalties

75:

Article 323B

February 5, 1994

• It provided for setting up of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except that of the Supreme Court, under Article 136 of the Constitution to give timely relief to the rent litigants

76:

Schedule 9

August 31, 1994

• Enabled continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution

77:

Article 16

June 17, 1995

• Govt decided to continue the existing policy of reservation in promotion for the SC & ST 

78:

Schedule 9

August 30, 1995

• It included land reform laws so that they cannot be challenged before the courts

79:

Article 334

January 25, 2000

• Extended reservation for SCs & STs and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament & State Assemblies for next ten years

80:

Articles 269, 270; Article 272

June 9, 2000

• Implemented 10th Finance Commission recommendation - an alternative scheme of sharing of the proceeds of certain Union taxes and duties between the Union & the States.

81:

Article 16

June 9, 2000

• Provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SCs & STs kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year

82:

Article 335

September 8, 2000

• Permits relaxation of marks in examinations or lowering the standards of evaluation in reservation in job promotions in favour of the members of SCs & STs

83:

Article 243M

September 8, 2000

• This Act amended to provide that no reservation in panchayats be made in favour of SCs & STs in Arunachal Pradesh where the whole population is tribal

84:

Articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330, 332

February 21, 2002

• Extended ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies for another 25 years  (till 2026) with an objective of encouraging population limiting measures

85:

Article 16

January 4, 2002

• An amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions of SCs & STs Employees with retrospective effect from June 17, 1995

86:

Insertion of new Article 21A

December 12,  2002

• Free and compulsory education to all children between 6 & 14 years of age while provisions made for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years 

87:

Articles 81, 82, 170, 330

June 22, 2003

• Decided to provide for readjustment of electoral constituencies, including those reserved for the SCs & STs, based on the population census for-the year 200 I, without affecting the number of seats allocated to States in the legislative bodies

88:

Insertion of new Article 268A, Amendment of Article 270, Schedule 7

January 15, 2004

• To extend statutory cover for levy & utilisation of Service Tax

89:

Article 338

September 28, 2003

• The National Commission for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into two separate bodies The National Commission for Scheduled Castes & The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

90:

Article 332

September 28, 2003

• Provided for representation of the STs & non-STs in Assam Legislative Assembly from the Bodoland Territorial Areas District

91:

Articles 75, 164. Insertion of Article 361B
Amendment of Schedule 10

January 1, 2004

• Restricted the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & strengthened Anti Defection laws

92:

Schedule 8
Insertion of new Article 268A

January 7, 2004

• Bodo, Dogri, Santali & Maithali included as official languages

93:

Article 15

January 20, 2006

• Enabled govt. to pass laws to give reservations to socially, economically backward classes, SCs & STs in public and private educational institutions

94:

Article 164

June 12, 2006

• To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand & Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh & Odisha

95:

Article 334

January 25, 2010

• To extend the reservation of seats for SCs & STs in the Lok Sabha and states Assemblies from 60 to 70 years 

96:

Schedule 8

September 23, 2011

• Replaced Odia for Oriya

97:

Article 19 & added Part IXB

January 12, 2012

• Added the words “or co-operative societies” after the word “or unions” in Article 19(l) (c) & added article 43B relating to promoting of co-operative societies, also added Part IXB-The Co-operative Societies

98:

Insertion of new Article 371J

January 1, 2013

• To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region

99:

Articles 124, 217, 222, 224, 224A, 231 Insertion  of new  articles 124A, 124B, 124C

December 31, 2014

• Amended the way for appointment & transfer in higher judiciary by creating National Judicial Appointment Commission. Supreme Court struck it down in 2015 

100:

First Schedule to Constitution

May 29, 2015

• Exchange of some enclave territories with Bangladesh 

101:

Insertion of new Articles 246A, 269A, 279A
Amendment of Articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368
Amendment of Schedule 6, 7
Omission  of article 268A

September 8, 2016

• Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) - One Nation one Tax

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