'Warm Jupiters' are not the loner planets expected

After analysing four years of Kepler space telescope observations, researchers have found that many exoplanets called "Warm Jupiters" have unexpected planetary companions. The analysis provides strong evidence of the existence of two distinct types of Warm Jupiters, each with their own formation and dynamical history.

The two types include those that have companions and thus, likely formed where we find them today; and those with no companions that likely migrated to their current positions, researchers said. "Our findings suggest that a big fraction of Warm Jupiters cannot have migrated to their current positions dynamically and that it would be a good idea to consider more seriously that they formed where we find them," said Chelsea Huang from University of Toronto in Canada.

Warm Jupiters are large, gas-giant exoplanets - planets found around stars other than the Sun. They are comparable in size to the gas-giants in our Solar System, researchers said. But unlike the Sun's family of giant planets, "Warm Jupiters" orbit their parent stars at roughly the same distance that Mercury, Venus and the Earth circle the Sun. They take 10 to two hundred days to complete a single orbit.

Because of their proximity to their parent stars, they are warmer than our system's cold gas giants - though not as hot as Hot Jupiters, which are typically closer to their parent stars than Mercury, researchers said. It has generally been thought that Warm Jupiters did not form where we find them today; they are too close to their parent stars to have accumulated large, gas-giant-like atmospheres.  It appeared likely that they formed in the outer reaches of their planetary systems and migrated inward to their current positions, and might in fact continue their inward journey to become Hot Jupiters, researchers said.

On such a migration, the gravity of any Warm Jupiter would have disturbed neighbouring or companion planets, ejecting them from the system, they said. But instead of finding "lonely", companion-less Warm Jupiters, researchers found that 11 of the 27 targets they studied have companions ranging in size from Earth-like to Neptune-like. "And when we take into account that there is more analysis to come, the number of Warm Jupiters with smaller neighbours may be even higher. We may find that more than half have companions," said Huang.

The findings were published in the Astrophysical Journal.