Bangalore has witnessed 79% decline in wetlands

It was at a meeting at Ramsar, Iran, on February 2, 1971, that a treaty was signed by nearly 140 nations on the preservation and sustainable use of the world’s wetlands. The treaty came into force on December 21, 1975. Dr TV Ramachandra, coordinator of the Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, tells DNA that these unique and diverse ecosystems are threatened by unplanned development.

What are wetlands?
Lakes, lagoons, swamps, marshes, salt marshes, mudflats, mangroves, coral reefs, and bogs constitute wetlands. Wherever water covers the soil, whether it is all the year round or just during certain times of the year, it is called a wetland. Wetlands are sometimes termed the “kidneys of landscapes.” They assimilate nutrients and help discharge contaminants. They protect the shorelines, reduce the impact of floods, absorb pollutants and improve water quality. They are also a unique habitat for some animals and plants, which are not found elsewhere.

Why the need to conserve wetlands?
Wetlands are vital to the hydrological cycle. They support biological diversity. Wastelands are sites of waste assimilation, water purification and flood mitigation. They help reduce erosion. Groundwater is recharged by wastelands, and micro-climate regulated. Wastelands are often also extraordinarily beautiful. They support recreational, social and cultural activities. Based on the goods and services that wetlands provide, the value of the wetland is estimated at around Rs1 million per hectare per year. However, these are also fragile and vulnerable ecosystems.

Tell us a little about Bangalore’s wetlands.
Unprecedented urbanisation is adversely impacting wetlands in the city. The city has seen a 79% decline in wetlands, and 76% decline in green cover due to unplanned development. The concentrated growth of urbanisation (632% during 36 years, between 1973 and 2009) has resulted in increased population and consequent pressure on natural resources.

What do you think of the conservation efforts?
A brain-storming session was organised on September 26, 2009, at the IISc, to assess current trends in the aquatic ecosystem and plan its management, conservation, and restoration. Most city wetlands are seriously threatened, as they are put to use for non wetland purposes. They are often encroached by drains, used as landfills, or as sites for the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents. The removal of water from these areas and changes in the inflow cause loss of biodiversity.

What do you think could be done to preserve wetlands?
We need holistic and integrated approaches, backed by thorough research. All water bodies should be mapped, their boundaries demarcated. Detailed documentation of biodiversity should be in place. Activities like boating should be regulated. The natural and social significance of wetlands should inform conservation.